Dmytro Firtash built a powerful business empire around natural-gas intermediary RosUkrEnergo, which became a dominant supplier to Ukraine after 2003. A 2014 Reuters investigation reported that Gazprom sold more than 20 billion cubic metres of gas to the intermediary below market prices, potentially generating up to $3 billion for Firtash. Documents released through the 2010 U.S. diplomatic-cables leak also recorded Firtash telling Ambassador William Taylor that he had needed permission from alleged Russian organized-crime figure Semion Mogilevich to conduct business in Ukraine during the 1990s. Firtash denied links to organized crime and said he was a pawn in a geopolitical conflict.
The U.S. Justice Department characterized Firtash as an upper-echelon associate of Russian organized crime and indicted him over an alleged bribery and racketeering scheme; Austrian authorities arrested him in March 2014, after which he remained in Vienna contesting extradition. Firtash denied paying bribes. Ukraine imposed sanctions on him on June 18, 2021, alleging that his titanium business aided Russia’s military-industrial complex, and a Ukrainian court returned the Zaporizhzhia Titanium-Magnesium Plant to state ownership on August 4, 2021, citing failure to fulfill a $110 million modernization obligation. In May 2022, Naftogaz took management of 26 regional gas distributors, most controlled by Firtash and collectively serving about 70% of Ukrainian gas customers.