On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and five international newspapers began publishing U.S. diplomatic cables dated from 1966 to 2010. The archive contained 251,287 documents from 274 embassies, consulates, and diplomatic missions, including approximately 15,000 classified as “secret.” The cables exposed U.S. diplomatic assessments, intelligence requests, alleged pressure on allies, and the collection of personal information such as biometric data, passwords, encryption keys, credit-card numbers, and frequent-flier records for foreign officials and diplomats.
The disclosure was enabled by broad access to SIPRNet, the Defense Department’s classified network, which reportedly served more than three million U.S. government personnel and military members after post-9/11 information-sharing policies expanded internal access. Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning was convicted by court-martial on 30 July 2013 for theft and Espionage Act violations and sentenced to 35 years; President Barack Obama commuted her sentence, and she was released on 17 May 2017 after seven years of confinement. WikiLeaks initially coordinated redacted releases, but an encryption passphrase published by Guardian journalists David Leigh and Luke Harding helped expose the full archive; WikiLeaks published the unedited cables on 1 September 2011, prompting renewed concerns about threatened sources and diplomatic security.